Beilstein J. Nanotechnol.2015,6, 201–214, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.19
to biological systems. However, the operation of KPFM implicitly relies on the presence of a linear lossless dielectric in the probe–sample gap, a condition which is violated for ionically-active liquids (e.g., when diffusechargedynamics are present). Here, electrostatic and electrochemical
properties at the solid–liquid interface.
Keywords: diffusechargedynamics; double layer charging; electrochemical force microscopy; electrochemistry; Kelvin probe force microscopy; Introduction
Many important physical, chemical and biological processes including wetting, adsorption, electronic transfer
need for KPFM-like measurements in ionically-active liquids, suitable techniques have yet to be established due to complications arising from the broad spectrum of relaxation timescales associated with diffusechargedynamics [37][38].
Previous attempts to implement KPFM in liquid aimed to avoid ion
PDF
Figure 1: Aω recorded in air (red) and milli-Q water (blue) 50 nm above (a) HOPG and (b) Au surfaces as a fun...